The ratio of the glomerular filtration rate to the renal plasma flow is the:
1. filtration fraction.
2. plasma clearance.
3. renal blood flow rate.
4. tubular maximum.

The glomerular ultrafiltrate will normally not contain:

About what percent of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed by the tubules during urine formation?

Hypoalbuminemia will result in:

1. decreased colloid osmotic pressure.

2. decreased immunity.

3. increased clotting tendency of blood.

4. decreased filtration pressure.

The proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron reabsorbs about what fraction of the filtrate?
1. 99%.
2. 85%.
3. 65%.
4. 19%.

The fluid in the nephron will have maximum osmolarity at:

A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient. This mechanism in human kidneys involves:
1. proximal tubule and distal tubule.
2. loop of Henle and vasa recta.
3. distal tubule and collecting duct.
4. glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

During concentration of urine, urea diffuses out of and enters respectively into the:
1. proximal tubule, descending limb of the vasa recta
2. descending limb of vasa recta, ascending limb of the loop of Henle
3. ascending limb of the loop of Henle, collecting duct
4. collecting duct, ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Identify the incorrect statement regarding the micturition reflex:

1. It can be inhibited by higher centers in the brain.

2. It is stimulated by accumulation of urine stretching bladder wall.

3. can be stimulated by irritation of the bladder or urethra.

4. it is coordinated in lumbar spinal cord.

The urinary system in humans is not involved in:

1. gluconeogenesis

2. activation of vitamin D

3. regulation of leukocyte and platelet production

4. regulation of blood volume and, indirectly, blood pressure