The urinary system in humans is not involved in:

1. gluconeogenesis

2. activation of vitamin D

3. regulation of leukocyte and platelet production

4. regulation of blood volume and, indirectly, blood pressure

The endocrine gland located at the superior pole of kidney is:
1. spleen
2. pancreas
3. adrenal gland
4. testes

10 to 15 distinct conical or triangular structures in the human kidney are seen in renal ______ and are known as renal ____________.

All of the following regarding juxtamedullary nephrons in human kidneys are correct except:

1. the entire nephron is located in the superficial cortex of the kidney

2. the renal corpuscle comprises a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule

3. blood arrives at the glomerular capillaries via an afferent arteriole

4. the proximal convoluted tubule leads into a long nephron loop

The part of the nephron where both hydrogen and potassium ions are secreted into the tubular fluid is the

The flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney is:
1. glomerular filtration rate.
2. renal plasma flow.
3. filtration fraction.
4. renal blood flow.

Given that the hydrostatic pressure at the glomerulus is 50 mm Hg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg and the capsule pressure is 20 mm Hg, the net filtration pressure would be:

1. (--) 20 mm Hg.

2. 0 mm Hg.

3. 20 mm Hg.

4. 60 mm Hg.

5. 80 mm Hg.

The GFR will be decreased if there is:
1. elevated blood pressure
2. constriction of the afferent arterioles
3. decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure
4. decreased capsule pressure

Identify the point in the nephron by which glucose is completely reabsorbed from the filtrate under normal physiological conditions:
1. the end of the proximal tubule.
2. the tip of the loop of Henle.
3. the end of the distal tubule.
4. the end of the collecting duct.

Specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles called the Juxtaglomerular cells secrete: