A measure of the amount of air a person inhales during a normal breath is:

1. inspiratory reserve volume	2. vital capacity
3. total lung capacity	4. tidal volume

2,3-diphosphoglycerate in red blood cells:
1. enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries
2. makes deoxyhemoglobin less stable
3. shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
4. stimulates the production of more red blood cells

Four globin chains [ 2 alpha and 2 gamma] constitute the structure of:
1. hemoglobin A
2. hemoglobin F
3. hemoglobin S
4. methemoglobin

The abnormal hemoglobin seen in patients of sickle cell anemia is HbS. It is different in structure from the normal HbA because:

The amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling is known as:

The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by:
1. peripheral chemoreceptors
2. dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center
3. ventral respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center
4. pneumotaxic area

Gas exchange in the human lungs takes place across the respiratory membrane which is made up of:

1. alveolar macrophages and the alveolar cell membrane

2. alveolar cell membrane and its basement membrane

3. alveolar cell membrane and capillary membrane

4. alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane, and fused basement membranes

The opening between the vocal folds is called:

An important region of the body located between the lungs, where structures like the heart lie, is known as:

The external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract:
1. during inhalation
2. during exhalation
3. during both inhalation and exhalation
4. during neither inhalation nor exhalation.