The gradient is mainly caused by

1. NaCl

2. Urea

3. Both A and B

4. Ammonia

The NaCl which is transported by the ascending limb of Henle's loop which is exchanged with the…….

1. Ascending limb of vasa recta

2. Descending limb of vasa recta

3. Ascending limb of LOH

4. Descending limb of LOH

NaCl is returned to the interstitium by

1. Ascending portion of LOH

2. Ascending portion of vasa recta

3. Descending portion of LOH

4. Descending portion of vasa recta

Urea will enter the

1. Thin segment of AL of LOH

2. Thick segment of AL of LOH

3. Descending Limb of LOH

4. All of these

How many times can human urine be concentrated in counter current mechanism?

1. Four times

2. Five times

3. Three times

4. Two times

Counter current mechanism helps in maintenance of

1. Concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.

2. Concentration gradient in the cortical interstitium

3. Concentration gradient in the lumen of collecting duct

4. Concentration gradient in the lumen of DCT

Kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms which does not involve
A. Hypothalamus
B. JGA
C. Heart
D. Liver

Osmoreceptors in the body are not activated by

Hypothalamus is stimulated by osmoreceptors and make the neurohypophysis  to release

ADH facilitates water reabsoption and