Within the renal tubule, two hormones play a role in determining the final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone ____ regulates sodium reabsorption, while ______ regulates water reabsorption.
1. aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. cortisol; atrial natriuretic peptide
3. renin; angiotensin II
4. antidiuretic hormone (ADH); epinephrine
The greater the number of blood vessels dilated, the ________.
1. higher the blood pressure
2. lower the blood pressure
3. faster the heartbeat
4. slower the heartbeat
An increase in the blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of:
1. Erythropoeitin
2. Atrial natriuretic factor
3. Renin
4. Aldosterone
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and:
(1) nerves
(2) adrenal cortex
(3) adrenal medulla
(4) kidney nephron
JGA is formed by
1. Cellular modifications in the DCT and efferent arterioles’ contact region
2. Cellular modifications in the PCT and efferent arterioles's contact region
3. Cellular modifications in the PCT and afferent arterioles's contact region
4. Cellular modifications in the DCT and afferent arterioles's contact region
Which of the following physiological changes is not associated with Renin– Angiotensin-Aldosterone system?
1. Increase in GFR
2. Increase in blood pressure
3. Increase in blood aldosterone level
4. Increase in tubular secretion
Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the:
1. DCT and Efferent arteriole at the point of their contact
2. DCT and the Afferent arteriole at the point of their contact
3. PCT and Afferent arteriole at the point of their contact
4. PCT and Efferent arteriole at the point of their contact
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
(1) macula densa
(2) juxtaglomerular apparatus
(3) juxtaglomerular cells
(4) cortical nephron
A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) activates:
1. Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
2. Adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
3. Posterior pituitary to release vasopressin
4. Juxtaglomerular cells to release renin
Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted
tubule?
1. Increase in aldosterone levels
2. Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels
3. Decrease in aldosterone levels
4. Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels