In majority of the nephrons, the loop of Henle:
1. is absent
2. extends only a little into the medulla
3. extends deep into the medulla
4. is associated with a highly developed vasa recta
Juxtamedullary nephrons:
1. are more common than cortical nephrons
2. do not have a well developed vasa recta associated with them
3. play a very important role in concentration of urine
4. produce angiotensinogen
Beginning from the collecting duct, arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes to the external environment: (A) ureter, (B) renal pelvis, (C) calyx, (D) urinary bladder, (E) urethra.
1. A, B, C, D, E | 2. C, D, A, E, B |
3. C, B, A, D, E | 4. B, D, A, C, E |
A capillary network around the renal tubule is formed by:
1. Afferent arteriole | 2. Efferent arteriole |
3. Vasa recta | 4. Arcuate artery |
A series of straight capillaries in the medulla that lie parallel to the loop of Henle are called:
1. | arcuate arteries | 2. | efferent arterioles |
3. | afferent arterioles | 4. | vasa recta |
The reabsorption, from the filtrate, of sodium, glucose and amino acids:
1. involves the Bowman's capsule
2. is restricted to the loop of Henle
3. occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
4. occurs mainly by osmosis
A. | Malpighian body | Site for ultra-filtration |
B. | Proximal convoluted tubule | Maximum reabsorption of filtrate |
C. | Descending limb of loop of Henle | Permeable to water; almost impermeable to electrolytes |
D. | Ascending limb of loop of Henle | Impermeable to water; allows transport of electrolytes |
E. | Distal convoluted tubule | Conditional reabsorption of sodium and water |
F. | Collecting duct | Concentration of urine; allows passage of urea |
1. | All except C and D | 2. | All except B and E |
3. | All except F | 4. | All |
Identify the incorrect statement regarding proximal convoluted tubule:
1. | It is lined by simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium |
2. | It reabsorbs 70-80 % of electrolytes and water and nearly all nutrients |
3. | In juxta-medullary nephrons, it extends deep into the renal medulla |
4. | It secretes hydrogen ions, ammonia and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to maintain the ionic and pH balance of the body fluids |
The proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron is lined by:
1. simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
2. simple ciliated columnar epithelium
3. compound cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
4. simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
The part of the nephron that is least permeable to water is the:
1. ascending limb of the loop of Henle
2. descending limb of the loop of Henle
3. collecting duct
4. proximal convoluted tubule