10 to 15 distinct conical or triangular structures in the human kidney are seen in renal ______ and are known as renal ____________.
1. | pelvis; calyces | 2. | medulla; pyramids |
3. | cortex; columns of Bertini | 4. | cortex; lobes |
All of the following regarding juxtamedullary nephrons in human kidneys are correct except:
1. the entire nephron is located in the superficial cortex of the kidney
2. the renal corpuscle comprises a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule
3. blood arrives at the glomerular capillaries via an afferent arteriole
4. the proximal convoluted tubule leads into a long nephron loop
The part of the nephron where both hydrogen and potassium ions are secreted into the tubular fluid is the
1. Malpighian body | 2. proximal convoluted tubule |
3. loop of Henle | 4. distal convoluted tubule |
Specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles called the Juxtaglomerular cells secrete:
1. ADH | 2. angiotensin |
3. aldosterone | 4. renin |
The hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, when stimulated by angiotensin II, that causes increased sodium and water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules, is:
1. renin | 2. aldosterone |
3. antidiuretic hormone | 4. cortisol |
Refer the given figure of nephron.
Identify A, B, C, and D and select the correct option regarding them.
1. | A - Glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries formed by afferent arteriole. |
2. | B - PCT- reabsorption of \(HCO^-_3\) and selective secretion of H+ and K+ occurs here. |
3. | C - DCT- almost all glucose, amino acids, water, Na+, K+, and uric acid are absorbed here. |
4. | D - collecting duct - extends from the cortex of the kidney to the inner parts of the medulla; a large amount of water is secreted in this region. |
Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): | Many amphibians excrete mainly ammonia when they are aquatic tadpoles and switch largely to urea excretion when they become land dwelling adults. |
Reason (R): | The main disadvantage of urea is its energy cost and the main advantage is its low toxicity. |
In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |
Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): | Excreting uric acid in birds and reptiles with shelled eggs conveys a selective advantage. |
Reason (R): | Uric acid is more energetically expensive than urea. |
In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |
Assertion (A): | The filtration step common to other excretory systems in Malpighian tubules is absent. |
Reason (R): | Malpighian tubules in insects serve in excretion and osmoregulation. |
In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |
Assertion (A): | Juxtamedullary nephrons are key adaptation for water conservation in mammals. |
Reason (R): | Juxtamedullary nephrons constitute about 85% of all nephrons in the mammalian kidney. |
In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |