Renal threshold denotes

1. the percent of the cardiac output received by the kidneys per minute.

2. the amount of filtrate formed in all the nephrons of both kidneys per minute.

3. the plasma concentration at which reabsorption mechanisms are saturated and the molecule appears in urine.

4. the plasma concentration at which a substance starts getting filtered at the glomerulus.

Polysaccharide inulin is used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because inulin is:

1. both filtered and secreted.

2. both filtered and reabsorbed.

3. filtered, but neither secreted nor reabsorbed.

4. only secreted.

A sensation of pain/discomfort is felt when the amount of urine collected in the bladder reaches about:

1. 100ml

2. 500ml

3. 200ml

4. 300ml

A triangular portion of the bladder floor bordered (ventrally) by the internal urethral opening or bladder neck and (dorsolaterally) by the orifices of the right ureter and left ureter, is called as:

1. detrusor.

2. dartos.

3. transitional epithelium.

4. trigone.

Hypoalbuminemia will result in:

1. decreased colloid osmotic pressure.

2. decreased immunity.

3. increased clotting tendency of blood.

4. decreased filtration pressure.

What is true of urea biosynthesis?
1. Uric acid is the starting point
2. Urea is synthesized in lysosomes
3. Urea cycle enzymes are located inside mitochondria
4. Urea is synthesized in the kidney

Assertion: Euryhaline Salmon fish osmoregulate in fresh water like other freshwater fishes.
Reason: In fresh water, salmon increases cortisol secretion which increases the number and size of salt-secreting chloride cells.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The kidneys of camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water.
Reason: Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: In the freshwater flatworms, protonephridia serve chiefly in osmoregulation rather than in excretion.
Reason: Most metabolic wastes in freshwater flatworms diffuse out of the animal across the body surface or are eliminated into the gastrovascular cavity.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The epithelial membrane that faces the filtrate in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
Reason: The ascending limb has a transport epithelium that lacks water channels.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.