RAAS is opposed by:
1. ADH | 2. renin |
3. atrial natriuretic peptide | 4. angiotensin II |
The most toxic nitrogenous metabolic waste product is:
1. ammonia | 2. urea |
3. uric acid | 4. methane |
Malpighian body or the renal corpuscle is made up of:
1. Glomerular capillaries and PTCN
2. Bowman's capsule and renal tubules
3. Afferent and efferent arterioles
4. Glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule
Filtration slits in the glomerular membrane are formed by:
1. The capillary endothelial cells
2. The basement membrane
3. The podocyte cells
4. Mesangial cells
The basic functions of human kidneys in the production of urine include all the following except:
1. Glomerular filtration | 2. Tubular reabsorption |
3. Tubular secretion | 4. Erythropoietin production |
The reabsorption, from the filtrate, of sodium, glucose and amino acids:
1. involves the Bowman's capsule
2. is restricted to the loop of Henle
3. occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
4. occurs mainly by osmosis
What is the mechanism of reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron?
1. Diffusion, depending on plasma glucose concentration
2. An active transport process that is linked to sodium reabsorption
3. An active transport process that is linked to amino acid transport
4. Active transport with no link to the transport of any other substance
All the following are secreted by the tubules of nephrons except:
1. Sodium ions | 2. Potassium ions |
3. Uric acid | 4. Hydrogen ions |
During the concentration of urine, the medullary interstitial osmolality is increased by all the following except:
1. | Solute reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
2. | Sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule |
3. | Urea reabsorption from the proximal tubule |
4. | Urea recycling between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct |
A hormone formed in the blood that causes vasoconstriction is:
1. Renin | 2. Aldosterone |
3. Angiotensin | 4. Vasopressin |