The increasing gradient of osmolarity in medullary interstitium, during concentration of urine, is mainly caused by reabsortion of:
1. | NaCl from ascending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by collecting duct |
2. | NaCl from descending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by collecting duct |
3. | NaCl from ascending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by PCT |
4. | NaCl from descending limb of loop of Henle and of urea by PCT |
Most renal calculi are:
1. | oxalates | 2. | citrates |
3. | urates | 4. | carbonates |
An excessive loss of body fluid can:
1. | activate osmoreceptors, stimulating hypothalamus to release ADH and thereby preventing diuresis |
2. | switch off osmoreceptors, suppressing release of ADH promoting diuresis |
3. | activate osmoreceptors, stimulating hypothalamus to release ADH and thereby promoting diuresis |
4. | switch off osmoreceptors, suppressing release of ADH preventing diuresis |
Urine in ureter is drained directly from:
1. | Collecting duct | 2. | Papilla |
3. | Renal pelvis | 4. | Major calyces |
Sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes can be eliminated through:
1. | Saliva | 2. | Sweat |
3. | Sebum | 4. | Tears |
In hemodialysis, the role of artificial kidney is actually played by:
1. | Dialysate | 2. | Blood pump |
3. | Water system | 4. | Cellulose membrane |
The proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron is lined by:
1. simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
2. simple ciliated columnar epithelium
3. compound cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
4. simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium
Identify the incorrectly matched pair [assume normal physiological conditions]:
1. | GFR – 125 ml/min |
2. | Amount of urea produced – 25 to 30 mg/day |
3. | Average urine output – 1 to 1.5 liter/day |
4. | Average amount of blood filtered by kidney – 1100 to 1200 ml/min |
Identify the incorrect statement regarding proximal convoluted tubule:
1. | It is lined by simple cuboidal brush bordered epithelium |
2. | It reabsorbs 70-80 % of electrolytes and water and nearly all nutrients |
3. | In juxta-medullary nephrons, it extends deep into the renal medulla |
4. | It secretes hydrogen ions, ammonia and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to maintain the ionic and pH balance of the body fluids |
Uremia patients can have all the following except:
1. Increased blood glucose between meals
2. Anemia
3. Osteomalacia
4. An acidic blood pH