Urination will be caused by simultaneous:

1.	contraction of smooth muscle of bladder and relaxation of urethral sphincter
2.	relaxation of smooth muscle of bladder and contraction of urethral sphincter
3.	contraction of smooth muscle of bladder and urethral sphincter
4.	relaxation of smooth muscle of bladder and urethral sphincter

Aldosterone can be secreted by adrenal cortex when it is stimulated most directly by:

During concentration of urine, NaCl is returned to medullary interstitium by:
1. Ascending limb of Loop of Henle
2. Descending limb of Loop of Henle
3. Ascending limb of Vasa Recta
4. Descending limb of Vasa Recta

During the counter current mechanism, small amount of urea from interstitium enters:
1. the collecting duct
2. the thin segment of ascending limb of loop of Henle
3. the ascending limb of vasa recta
4. the descending limb of vasa recta

What is the number of times that the human kidneys can maximally concentrate the initial filtrate?

What acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

Consider the two statements:

Extension of renal cortex between the medullary pyramids is called as:

Presence of ketonuria and glycosuria is indicative of:

JG cells can be activated to release renin by all the following except:
1. A fall in glomerular blood flow
2. A fall in glomerular blood pressure
3. An increase in venous return to the heart
4. A fall in GFR