The volume occupied by an atom is greater than the volume of the nucleus by a factor of about:
1. $10$
2. $10^5$
3. $10^{10}$
4. $10^{15}$

If $M(A,~Z)$, $M_p$, and $M_n$ denote the masses of the nucleus $^{A}_{Z}X,$ proton, and neutron respectively in units of $u$ $(1~u=931.5~\text{MeV/c}^2)$ and represent its binding energy $(BE)$ in $\text{MeV}$. Then:

The energy equivalent of $0.5~\text g$ of a substance is:
1. $4.5\times10^{13}~\text J$ 
2. $1.5\times10^{13}~\text J$ 
3. $0.5\times10^{13}~\text J$ 
4. $4.5\times10^{16}~\text J$ 

The energy required in $\text{MeV/c}^2$ to separate ${ }_8^{16} \mathrm{O}$ into its constituents is:
(Given: mass defect for ${ }_8^{16} \mathrm{O}=0.13691~ \text{amu}$)