The presence of which of the following in urine would be abnormal?

1. sodium	2. glucose
3. urea	4. creatinine

The major site for the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the nephron is the:

Angiotensinogen in blood is secreted by:

Glycosuria is seen in diabetes mellitus mainly because:
1. the length of PCT is shorter in diabetics.
2. sodium plus glucose symports in the distal tubules are defective.
3. sodium plus glucose symports in the proximal convoluted tubule are defective.
4. transport maximum for glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule is exceeded.

A substance like inulin is readily filtered at the glomerulus but is not reabsorbed or secreted in the tubules. The renal clearance rate of inulin:

1. equals the GFR.

2. is always greater than the GFR.

3. is less than the GFR.

4. does not affect the GFR.

Renal threshold denotes

1. the percent of the cardiac output received by the kidneys per minute.

2. the amount of filtrate formed in all the nephrons of both kidneys per minute.

3. the plasma concentration at which reabsorption mechanisms are saturated and the molecule appears in urine.

4. the plasma concentration at which a substance starts getting filtered at the glomerulus.

Polysaccharide inulin is used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because inulin is:

1. both filtered and secreted.

2. both filtered and reabsorbed.

3. filtered, but neither secreted nor reabsorbed.

4. only secreted.

A sensation of pain/discomfort is felt when the amount of urine collected in the bladder reaches about:

1. 100ml

2. 500ml

3. 200ml

4. 300ml

Cystitis is the inflammation of:

1. kidneys

2. ureter

3. urinary bladder

4. urethra

Urine from the major calyces in the kidney is collected by: