RAAS is opposed by:

1. ADH	2. renin
3. atrial natriuretic peptide	4. angiotensin II

Mammals are:
1. osmoconformers.
2. hypotonic to their environment.
3. hypertonic to their environment.
4. osmoregulators.

The most toxic nitrogenous metabolic waste product is:

Kidneys are not involved in:
1. Osmoregulation
2. Activation of Vitamin D
3. Secreting hormones
4. Glycogenesis

Malpighian body or the renal corpuscle is made up of:
1. Glomerular capillaries and PTCN
2. Bowman's capsule and renal tubules
3. Afferent and efferent arterioles
4. Glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule

Filtration slits in the glomerular membrane are formed by:
1. The capillary endothelial cells
2. The basement membrane
3. The podocyte cells
4. Mesangial cells

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of:
1. Juxtaglomerular cells and podocytes
2. Macula densa and podocytes
3. Juxtaglomerular cells and mesangial cells
4. Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

The basic functions of human kidneys in the production of urine include all the following except:

The reabsorption, from the filtrate, of sodium, glucose and amino acids:
1. involves the Bowman's capsule
2. is restricted to the loop of Henle
3. occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
4. occurs mainly by osmosis

What is the mechanism of reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron?
1. Diffusion, depending on plasma glucose concentration
2. An active transport process that is linked to sodium reabsorption
3. An active transport process that is linked to amino acid transport
4. Active transport with no link to the transport of any other substance