If there were only one type of charge in the universe, then:
(a) \(\oint_s {E} . {dS} \neq 0\) on any surface 
(b) \(\oint_s {E} . {dS} = 0\) if the charge is outside the surface. 
(c) \(\oint_s {E} . {dS}\) could not be defined.
(d) \(\oint_s {E} . {dS}=\frac{q}{\epsilon_0}\) if charges of magnitude \(q\) were inside the surface.
Choose the correct statement(s):
 
1. (a) and (d) 2. (a) and (c)
3. (b) and (d) 4. (c) and (d)