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The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in urine are indicative of
1. Diabetes mellitus
2. Diabetes insipidus
3. Renal calculi
4. Glomerulonephritis

On an average, _____ ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute which constitute
roughly ________ of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute.
1. 500-600, $1/5^{th}$
2. 1100-1200, $1/3^{rd}$
3. 500-600, $1/3^{rd}$
4. 1100-1200, $1/5^{th}$

A fresh water fish maintains osmoregulation by
1. Continuously taking in water and eliminating excess of salts
2. Eliminating excess of water and taking up salts from the environment
3. Taking both water and salt from the environment
4. Eliminating both salt and water into the environment

Consider the following water conservation mechanisms
A. Nasal countercurrent mechanism
B. Dependence on metabolic water
C. Highly hypertonic urine
D. Living one more on protein rich diet
The kangaroo rat living in desert can survive without drinking water because of
1. A, B & C
2. A, B & D
3. B, C & D
4. A, C & D

Select the true statement
1. In fishes kidney play a major role in ammonia excretion
2. Ammonia is 100,000 times less toxic than urea
3. Sharks retain a large amount of urea in the blood as a major osmolyte to balance the osmolarity of the body fluids
4. Most terrestrial reptile excrete ammonia

Which of the following defines the net filtration pressure (NFP)?
1. BCOP - (GHP + CHP)
2. GHP - (BCOP + CHP)
3. (BCOP + GHP) - CHP
4. (GHP - CHP) + BCOP

Which of the following is correct?
1. Afferent arteriole is narrower than the efferent arteriole
2. Efferent venule is narrower than vein
3. Efferent arteriole is narrower than afferent arteriole
4. Both afferent and efferent arteriole are of same diameter

The yellow colour of urine is due to
1. Uric acid
2. Urea
3. Urochrome
4. Melanin

Human urine is usually acidic because 
1. Hydrogen ions are actively secreted into the filtrate
2. The sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion, in
peritubular capillaries
3. Excreted plasma proteins are acidic
4. Potassium and sodium exchange generates acidity

Removal of proximal convoluted tubule from the nephron will result in 
1. No urine formation
2. More diluted urine
3. More concentrated urine
4. No change in quality and quantity of urine

Which of the following does not favour the formation of large quantities of dilute urine? 
1. Atrial-natriuretic factor
2. Alcohol
3. Caffeine
4. Renin

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule? 
1. Increase in aldosterone levels
2. Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels
3. Decrease in aldosterone levels
4. Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels

The maximum amount of electrolytes and water (70-80 percent) from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in which part of the nephron? 
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Descending limb of loop of Henle
3. Ascending limb of loop of Henle
4. Distal convoluted tubule

Which one of the following options gives the correct categorisation of animals according
to the type of nitrogenous wastes (A, B, C) they eliminate? 

A fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) activates 
1. Posterior pituitary to release vasopressin
2. Juxtra glomerular cells to release renin
3. Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
4. Adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

Which one of the following is not a part of a renal pyramid? 
1. Loops of Henle
2. Peritubular capillaries
3. Convoluted tubules
4. Collecting ducts

Which one of the following correctly explains the function of a specific part of a human
nephron?
1. Afferent arteriole: carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein.
2. Podocytes: Create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule.
3. Henle's loop: most reabsorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate
4. Distal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of $K^{+}$ ions into the surrounding blood capillaries

Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to kidney function
regulation?
1. During summer when body loses lot of water by evaporation, the release of ADH is
suppressed
2. When someone drinks lot of water, ADH release is suppressed
3. Exposure to cold temperature stimulates ADH release
4. An increase in glomerular blood flow stimulates formation of Angiotensin ll

Which one of the following statements in regard to the excretion by the human kidneys is
correct?
1. Ascending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes
2. Descending limb of Loop of Henle is impermeable to water
3. Distal convoluted tubule is incapable of reabsorbing $HC{O}_3$
4. Nearly 99 percent of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules

The principal nitrogenous excretory compound in humans is synthesised 
1. In the liver, but eliminated mostly through kidneys
2. In kidneys, but eliminated mostly through liver
3. In kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys
4. In liver and also eliminated by the same through bile

What will happen if the stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall are totally removed ?
1. Micturition will continue
2. Urine will continue to collect normally in the bladder
3. There will be no micturition
4. Urine will not collect in the bladder

Angiotensinogen is a protein produced and secreted by 
1. Macula densa cells
2. Endothelial cells (cells lining the blood vessels)
3. Liver cells
4. Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the capsule is
1. 20 mm Hg
2. 75 mm Hg
3. 30 mm Hg
4. 50 mm Hg

In Ornithine cycle, which of the following wastes are removed from the blood? 
1. Urea and urine
2. Ammonia and urea
3. $C{O}_2$ and ammonia
4. $C{O}_2$ and urea

A person is undergoing prolonged fasting. His urine will be found to contain
abnormal quantities of:
1. Fats
2. Ketones
3. Amino acids
4. Glucose

A terrestrial animal must be able to
1. Excrete large amount of water in urine
2. Conserve water
3. Actively pump salts out through the skin
4. Excrete large amounts of salts in urine

If an osmoconformer animal is placed in sea water then
1. It will develop ionocytes to actively absorb the salts from outside
2. It will develop a thick body cover to prevent entry of excess of water
3. It will start passing diluted urine
4. It will change osmolarity of its body fluid

Contractile vacuole to pump out excess of water is found in
1. Fresh water protozoans
2. Marine protozoans
3. Parasitic protozoans
4. Lower chordates

Which out of the four parts mentioned below does not constitute a part of single
uriniferous tubule?
1. Distal convoluted tubule
2. Collecting duct
3. Bowman's capsule
4. Loop of Henle

Brush border surface is the distinct feature of which of the following part of
nephron?
1. PCT
2. Ascending limb of loop of Henle
3. DCT
4. Collecting duct

Hypertonicity of filtrate is minimum at
1. Base of loop of henle
2. Inner most part of medulla
3. Outer part of medulla
4. Cortical region

As the glomerular filtrate courses the tubules, its composition and osmotic
concentration changes, due to tubular reabsorption. Which of the following is
incorrect match regarding the segment of nephron and osmotic concentration
of filtrate?
Segment of nephron                       Osmotic concentration of filtrate
1. Proximal convoluted tubule             Isotonic to blood plasma
2. Descending limb of Henle's loop      Hypertonic
3. Ascending limb of Henle's loop        Hypotonic
4. Bowman's capsule                          Hypotonic

 Concentration of urine depends upon which of the following?
1. Bowman's capsule
2. Length of Henle's loop
3. P,C,T
4. Network of capillaries arising from glomerulus

In response to decrease in blood volume and blood pressure which of the following
do not occur?
1. Secretion of renin
2. Secretion of aldosterone
3. Secretion of vassopressin
4. Secretion of ANF

Which of the following is not a feature of cortical nephrons?
1. These are more common, approximately 85% of nephrons
2. Their glomeruli are in outer cortex
3. Their loop of Henle extend to a short distance into the medulla
4. They are associated with vasa recta

A condition of failure-of kidney to form urine is called
1. Anuria
2. Deamination
3. Entropy
4. Uraemia

A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have
1. Less amino acids in his urine
2. More glucose in his blood
3. Less urea in his urine
4. More sodium in his urine